As a responsible dog owner, it’s essential to ensure your furry friend is well-behaved and safe, especially when they’re outside or in situations where their natural instincts might get the better of them. Small dogs, in particular, can be prone to barking excessively, running off, or getting into trouble, which is why training is crucial. With so many options available, finding the right tool to help with training and behavior correction can be overwhelming. That’s where electronic collars come in – a popular and effective solution for many pet owners.
When it comes to choosing the right electronic collar for your small dog, there are several factors to consider, including size, weight, and functionality. With so many products on the market, it can be challenging to determine which ones are suitable for your pet. If you’re looking for the best electronic collars for small dogs, you’re in the right place. Our comprehensive guide will walk you through the key features to look for, the benefits and drawbacks of electronic collars, and provide you with in-depth reviews of top-rated products to help you make an informed decision. By the end of this article, you’ll be equipped with the knowledge to find the perfect electronic collar for your small dog, ensuring they receive the training and care they deserve.
We will cover the best electronic collars for small dogs later in this article. Meanwhile, feel free to check out these related products on Amazon:
Introduction to Electronic Collars
Electronic collars are training tools used to teach dogs new behaviors and correct unwanted ones. They work by delivering a stimulation, such as a vibration, tone, or mild electric shock, to the dog when they exhibit an undesirable behavior. This stimulation is intended to startle the dog and distract them from the behavior, allowing the owner to refocus their attention.
The use of electronic collars has been a topic of debate among dog owners and trainers, with some arguing that they are an effective and humane way to train dogs, while others claim that they can be harmful and even abusive. However, when used properly and in conjunction with positive reinforcement training, electronic collars can be a valuable tool for teaching dogs new behaviors and correcting unwanted ones.
For small dogs, electronic collars can be particularly useful, as they are often more sensitive to stimulation than larger dogs. This means that a lower level of stimulation can be used to achieve the desired effect, reducing the risk of discomfort or harm to the dog. When selecting an electronic collar for a small dog, it is essential to choose a model that is specifically designed for their size and weight, as well as their individual needs and personality.
In this article, we will explore the best electronic collars for small dogs, discussing the features and benefits of different models, as well as tips for using them effectively and safely. By choosing one of the best electronic collars for small dogs, owners can help their pets become well-behaved and obedient, while also strengthening the bond between dog and owner. Whether you are trying to address barking, chewing, or other behavioral issues, an electronic collar can be a valuable tool in your training arsenal.
5 Best Electronic Collars For Small Dogs
1. PetTech PT0 Remote Training Collar #PT001
The PetTech PT0 Remote Training Collar #PT001 is a top-rated electronic collar designed for small dogs. It features a compact and lightweight design, making it perfect for dogs weighing between 5-50 pounds. The collar has a range of up to 1200 feet, allowing you to train your dog in various environments, from backyards to parks. The device is also waterproof, ensuring it can withstand accidental exposure to water.
The PetTech PT0 Remote Training Collar #PT001 offers 4 adjustable levels of static stimulation, as well as a tone-only mode for dogs that respond to sound cues. The remote control is user-friendly, with a large LCD display that shows the current stimulation level and battery life. The collar requires 2 AAA batteries, which provide up to 20 hours of continuous use. Overall, the PetTech PT0 Remote Training Collar #PT001 is an excellent choice for small dog owners who want a reliable and efficient training tool.
2. Dogtra 190C Remote Training Collar #190C-1
The Dogtra 190C Remote Training Collar #190C-1 is a high-end electronic collar designed for small to medium-sized dogs. It features a durable and waterproof design, with a range of up to 250 yards. The collar has 100 adjustable levels of static stimulation, allowing you to customize the training experience to your dog’s individual needs. The device also includes a vibration mode, which can be used as an alternative to static stimulation.
The Dogtra 190C Remote Training Collar #190C-1 is equipped with a rechargeable lithium-polymer battery, which provides up to 40 hours of continuous use. The remote control is ergonomic and easy to use, with a large LCD display that shows the current stimulation level and battery life. The collar is also expandable, allowing you to train up to 2 dogs simultaneously. Overall, the Dogtra 190C Remote Training Collar #190C-1 is a premium training tool that offers advanced features and exceptional performance.
3. SportDOG SD-425 Remote Training Collar #SD425-1
The SportDOG SD-425 Remote Training Collar #SD425-1 is a popular electronic collar designed for small dogs. It features a compact and lightweight design, making it perfect for dogs weighing between 5-25 pounds. The collar has a range of up to 500 yards, allowing you to train your dog in various environments. The device is also waterproof, ensuring it can withstand accidental exposure to water.
The SportDOG SD-425 Remote Training Collar #SD425-1 offers 7 adjustable levels of static stimulation, as well as a tone-only mode for dogs that respond to sound cues. The remote control is user-friendly, with a large LCD display that shows the current stimulation level and battery life. The collar requires 2 AAA batteries, which provide up to 40 hours of continuous use. Overall, the SportDOG SD-425 Remote Training Collar #SD425-1 is an excellent choice for small dog owners who want a reliable and efficient training tool.
4. Garmin Delta XC Remote Training Collar #010-01043-00
The Garmin Delta XC Remote Training Collar #010-01043-00 is a high-tech electronic collar designed for small dogs. It features a compact and lightweight design, making it perfect for dogs weighing between 5-20 pounds. The collar has a range of up to 1/2 mile, allowing you to train your dog in various environments. The device is also waterproof, ensuring it can withstand accidental exposure to water.
The Garmin Delta XC Remote Training Collar #010-01043-00 offers 18 adjustable levels of static stimulation, as well as a tone-only mode for dogs that respond to sound cues. The remote control is user-friendly, with a large LCD display that shows the current stimulation level and battery life. The collar is also equipped with a built-in BarkLimiter, which helps to reduce excessive barking. Overall, the Garmin Delta XC Remote Training Collar #010-01043-00 is an excellent choice for small dog owners who want a high-tech training tool with advanced features.
5. Educator E-Collar Remote Training Collar #ET-300-1
The Educator E-Collar Remote Training Collar #ET-300-1 is a popular electronic collar designed for small dogs. It features a compact and lightweight design, making it perfect for dogs weighing between 5-25 pounds. The collar has a range of up to 1/2 mile, allowing you to train your dog in various environments. The device is also waterproof, ensuring it can withstand accidental exposure to water.
The Educator E-Collar Remote Training Collar #ET-300-1 offers 100 adjustable levels of static stimulation, as well as a tone-only mode for dogs that respond to sound cues. The remote control is user-friendly, with a large LCD display that shows the current stimulation level and battery life. The collar is also equipped with a unique “boost” feature, which allows you to increase the stimulation level temporarily. Overall, the Educator E-Collar Remote Training Collar #ET-300-1 is an excellent choice for small dog owners who want a reliable and efficient training tool with advanced features.
Why Electronic Collars are Essential for Small Dogs
Owning a small dog can be a delightful experience, but it also comes with its own set of challenges. One of the most significant concerns for small dog owners is ensuring their pet’s safety and well-being. Small dogs are prone to wandering off or getting lost, which can be a nightmare for their owners. This is where electronic collars come into play, providing a reliable and efficient way to train and manage small dogs.
Electronic collars are designed to help owners communicate with their dogs more effectively. These collars use various stimuli, such as vibrations, sounds, or gentle shocks, to get the dog’s attention and discourage unwanted behavior. By using an electronic collar, owners can teach their small dogs to respond to commands, stay within designated areas, and avoid engaging in destructive habits. This not only helps to strengthen the bond between the dog and its owner but also ensures the dog’s safety and well-being.
When it comes to choosing the right electronic collar for a small dog, there are several factors to consider. Owners need to look for a collar that is specifically designed for small breeds, taking into account their sensitive skin and delicate necks. The collar should be lightweight, comfortable, and adjustable to fit the dog’s neck perfectly. Moreover, it’s essential to select a collar with adjustable stimulation levels, allowing owners to customize the training experience according to their dog’s needs and temperament. By opting for one of the best electronic collars for small dogs, owners can rest assured that they are providing their pet with a safe and effective training solution.
In addition to their training benefits, electronic collars can also help owners to locate their small dogs in case they get lost. Many modern electronic collars come equipped with GPS tracking features, allowing owners to pinpoint their dog’s location and retrieve them quickly. This feature can be a lifesaver, especially for small dogs that can easily slip through fences or get lost in crowded areas. By investing in an electronic collar, small dog owners can enjoy peace of mind, knowing that their pet is safe and secure, even when they’re not around to supervise.
Types of Electronic Collars Suitable for Small Dogs
Electronic collars for small dogs come in various types, each designed to address specific training needs. The most common types include shock collars, vibration collars, and citronella collars. Shock collars are designed to deliver a mild electric shock to the dog when it misbehaves, while vibration collars use a vibrating sensation to get the dog’s attention. Citronella collars, on the other hand, release a burst of citronella spray to distract the dog from unwanted behavior. When choosing an electronic collar for a small dog, it’s essential to consider the dog’s temperament and training needs.
The size and weight of the collar are also crucial factors to consider. Small dogs require lightweight and compact collars that won’t cause discomfort or restrict their movement. Some electronic collars are designed specifically for small breeds, with smaller receivers and adjustable straps to ensure a comfortable fit. Additionally, some collars come with interchangeable contact points, allowing owners to customize the fit to their dog’s neck size.
When selecting an electronic collar, it’s also important to consider the range of correction levels and the type of stimulation used. Some collars offer multiple correction levels, allowing owners to adjust the intensity of the stimulation to their dog’s sensitivity. Others use a combination of stimulation types, such as vibration and tone, to provide a more effective training experience. By choosing the right type of electronic collar, owners can help their small dogs learn good behavior and respond to commands more effectively.
In addition to the type of stimulation, electronic collars for small dogs often come with advanced features such as remote control, adjustable sensitivity, and battery life indicators. Remote control allows owners to activate the collar from a distance, making it easier to train their dogs in various environments. Adjustable sensitivity ensures that the collar only responds to the dog’s barking or misbehavior, reducing false corrections. Battery life indicators help owners monitor the collar’s power level, ensuring that it remains functional during training sessions.
Benefits of Using Electronic Collars for Small Dog Training
Electronic collars offer several benefits for small dog training, including effective behavior correction, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. By providing a consistent and immediate response to misbehavior, electronic collars help small dogs learn good behavior quickly and efficiently. The convenience of electronic collars lies in their ease of use and versatility, allowing owners to train their dogs in various environments and situations.
One of the primary advantages of electronic collars is their ability to correct unwanted behavior, such as excessive barking, chewing, or digging. By delivering a mild correction, electronic collars help small dogs associate the behavior with an unpleasant consequence, reducing the likelihood of recurrence. Additionally, electronic collars can be used to train small dogs to respond to basic commands, such as “sit,” “stay,” and “come,” making them a valuable tool for owners who want to improve their dog’s obedience.
Electronic collars are also cost-effective compared to traditional training methods, which often require professional assistance or expensive training equipment. With an electronic collar, owners can train their small dogs at home, saving time and money. Furthermore, electronic collars can be used in conjunction with positive reinforcement techniques, such as treats and praise, to create a well-rounded training program that addresses the dog’s physical and emotional needs.
The use of electronic collars can also help strengthen the bond between owners and their small dogs. By providing a clear and consistent means of communication, electronic collars help owners understand their dog’s needs and behavior, fostering a deeper understanding and connection. As small dogs learn to respond to commands and behave well, owners can enjoy a more rewarding and stress-free relationship with their pets.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using Electronic Collars
While electronic collars can be an effective training tool for small dogs, there are common mistakes to avoid to ensure safe and successful use. One of the most critical mistakes is using the collar as a punishment device, rather than a training tool. Electronic collars should be used to correct misbehavior and reinforce good behavior, not to punish or intimidate the dog.
Another mistake is failing to introduce the collar gradually and in a controlled environment. Small dogs may become anxious or stressed if the collar is introduced too quickly or in a loud or chaotic environment. Owners should start by letting their dog become familiar with the collar in a quiet, comfortable setting, then gradually increase the intensity and duration of training sessions. It’s also essential to monitor the dog’s response to the collar and adjust the correction levels accordingly.
Overcorrection is another common mistake that can lead to negative associations and decreased effectiveness. Owners should start with the lowest correction level and gradually increase the intensity as needed, rather than using the highest level from the outset. Additionally, electronic collars should not be used on dogs with certain medical conditions, such as epilepsy or heart problems, as the stimulation can exacerbate these conditions.
To avoid common mistakes, owners should carefully read the manufacturer’s instructions and follow the recommended training guidelines. It’s also essential to consult with a professional dog trainer or veterinarian if unsure about using an electronic collar or if the dog exhibits any signs of stress or anxiety. By using electronic collars responsibly and humanely, owners can help their small dogs learn good behavior and enjoy a stronger, more rewarding relationship.
Training Tips and Strategies for Small Dog Owners
To get the most out of an electronic collar, small dog owners should develop a comprehensive training plan that incorporates positive reinforcement techniques, clear communication, and consistent boundaries. One effective strategy is to start with basic obedience commands, such as “sit,” “stay,” and “come,” and gradually introduce more complex commands and behaviors.
Positive reinforcement is a crucial aspect of small dog training, as it encourages good behavior and builds trust between the dog and owner. Owners should reward their dogs with treats, praise, and affection when they respond correctly to commands or exhibit good behavior. Electronic collars can be used in conjunction with positive reinforcement to provide a clear and consistent means of communication, helping small dogs learn faster and more effectively.
Consistency is key when training small dogs with electronic collars. Owners should establish clear boundaries and rules, and ensure that all family members are using the same commands and training techniques. This helps prevent confusion and ensures that the dog receives a consistent message. Additionally, owners should be patient and calm during training sessions, as small dogs can pick up on stress and anxiety.
To develop a well-rounded training program, owners can incorporate various activities and exercises, such as agility training, socialization, and scent work. These activities help stimulate the dog’s mind and body, reducing boredom and stress, and strengthening the bond between the dog and owner. By combining electronic collars with positive reinforcement, clear communication, and consistent training, small dog owners can help their pets become well-behaved, obedient, and loving companions.
Best Electronic Collars For Small Dogs: A Comprehensive Buying Guide
When it comes to training small dogs, electronic collars can be an effective tool. With so many options available on the market, it can be overwhelming to choose the right one for your furry friend. In this guide, we will discuss the key factors to consider when buying an electronic collar for your small dog, helping you make an informed decision and find the perfect fit for your pet.
Size and Comfort
The size and comfort of the electronic collar are crucial factors to consider. Small dogs have delicate necks, and an ill-fitting collar can cause discomfort and even injury. Look for collars that are specifically designed for small breeds, with adjustable straps to ensure a snug and comfortable fit. A well-fitting collar will not only ensure your dog’s comfort but also prevent the collar from getting caught on obstacles or slipping off during training sessions.
The material of the collar is also important, as some dogs may have sensitive skin or allergies. Opt for collars made from hypoallergenic materials, such as nylon or leather, and avoid collars with sharp edges or points that can cause irritation. Additionally, consider the weight of the collar, as small dogs may find heavy collars burdensome. A lightweight collar will allow your dog to move freely and comfortably, making training sessions more enjoyable and effective.
Battery Life and Charging
Battery life and charging are essential factors to consider when buying an electronic collar for your small dog. A collar with a long battery life will ensure that you can use it for extended training sessions without needing to recharge. Look for collars with rechargeable batteries, as they are more environmentally friendly and cost-effective in the long run. Some collars may have battery life indicators, which can be useful in monitoring the battery level and avoiding unexpected shutdowns during training.
The charging method is also important, as some collars may require specific chargers or have lengthy charging times. Opt for collars with quick charging capabilities, such as USB charging, which can be convenient and time-saving. Additionally, consider the type of battery used, as some collars may use replaceable batteries, while others may have non-replaceable batteries that require professional replacement. When choosing the best electronic collars for small dogs, consider the battery life and charging method to ensure that you get a collar that meets your training needs.
Range and Signal Strength
The range and signal strength of the electronic collar are critical factors to consider, especially if you plan to use the collar for off-leash training or in areas with obstacles. Look for collars with a reliable and consistent signal strength, which can penetrate through obstacles such as trees or buildings. A collar with a long range will give you more flexibility during training sessions, allowing you to train your dog at a distance.
The type of signal used is also important, as some collars may use radio frequency (RF) signals, while others may use GPS or cellular signals. RF signals are generally more reliable and less prone to interference, but may have a shorter range. GPS signals, on the other hand, can provide more accurate location tracking, but may be affected by satellite signal strength. Consider the terrain and environment where you will be training your dog, and choose a collar with a signal strength that can penetrate through obstacles and provide reliable communication.
Correction Levels and Types
The correction levels and types are essential factors to consider when buying an electronic collar for your small dog. Correction levels refer to the intensity of the stimulation, which can range from mild to strong. Look for collars with adjustable correction levels, which will allow you to tailor the stimulation to your dog’s individual needs and sensitivity. Some collars may have multiple correction types, such as tone, vibration, or shock, which can be useful for dogs that respond better to different types of stimulation.
The type of correction used is also important, as some dogs may be more sensitive to certain types of stimulation. Tone and vibration corrections are generally considered more humane and less invasive, while shock corrections can be more effective for strong-willed dogs. However, it’s essential to use shock corrections responsibly and only when necessary, as they can be stressful for dogs if used excessively. Consider your dog’s temperament and training needs, and choose a collar with correction levels and types that are suitable for your dog’s individual needs.
Additional Features and Accessories
Additional features and accessories can enhance the functionality and effectiveness of the electronic collar. Look for collars with features such as remote controls, which can allow you to adjust correction levels or turn the collar on and off remotely. Some collars may also have accessories such as extra contact points, which can be useful for dogs with different coat types or sizes.
Other features to consider include waterproofing, which can be essential for dogs that love water or live in rainy areas. Some collars may also have built-in timers or training modes, which can help you track your dog’s progress and adjust your training strategy. Consider the specific needs of your dog and the type of training you will be doing, and choose a collar with features and accessories that will enhance your training experience.
Brand Reputation and Customer Support
The brand reputation and customer support are crucial factors to consider when buying an electronic collar for your small dog. Look for brands with a reputation for producing high-quality and reliable products, and read reviews from other customers to get an idea of the collar’s performance and any potential issues. A reputable brand will also provide good customer support, which can be essential if you have questions or need help with the collar.
Customer support can include features such as online tutorials, user manuals, and customer service hotlines. A brand with good customer support will be able to provide you with guidance on how to use the collar effectively, troubleshoot any issues, and provide repairs or replacements if necessary. Consider the brand’s reputation and customer support when choosing an electronic collar, as a reputable brand will provide you with a high-quality product and peace of mind.
FAQs
What is an electronic collar and how does it work?
An electronic collar is a type of training device used to help train and manage small dogs. It works by delivering a mild stimulus, such as a vibration, sound, or static shock, to the dog when it exhibits unwanted behavior. The stimulus is designed to be unpleasant but not painful, and it is intended to distract the dog and refocus its attention on the desired behavior.
The electronic collar is typically controlled by a remote device, which allows the owner to administer the stimulus from a distance. The collar usually has multiple settings and modes, allowing the owner to customize the type and intensity of the stimulus to suit the individual dog’s needs. Some electronic collars also come with additional features, such as bark detection and automatic shut-off, to help prevent over-stimulation and ensure safe use.
Are electronic collars safe for small dogs?
Electronic collars are generally considered safe for small dogs when used properly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. However, it is essential to choose a collar that is specifically designed for small dogs and to follow the recommended usage guidelines to avoid any potential risks or adverse effects. It is also crucial to introduce the collar gradually and to monitor the dog’s response to the stimulus to ensure that it is not causing any undue stress or discomfort.
It is also important to note that electronic collars should not be used as a replacement for positive reinforcement training methods, but rather as a supplement to help address specific behavioral issues. Additionally, owners should consult with a veterinarian or a professional dog trainer before using an electronic collar, especially if the dog has any pre-existing medical conditions or behavioral problems. By using electronic collars responsibly and in conjunction with positive training methods, owners can help their small dogs develop good behavior and strengthen their bond with them.
What types of electronic collars are available for small dogs?
There are several types of electronic collars available for small dogs, including shock collars, vibration collars, and citronella collars. Shock collars deliver a mild static shock to the dog, while vibration collars use a gentle buzzing sensation to get the dog’s attention. Citronella collars, on the other hand, release a burst of citronella spray to distract the dog and refocus its attention.
Each type of collar has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the best type for a particular dog will depend on its individual needs and personality. For example, shock collars may be more effective for dogs that are highly energetic or stubborn, while vibration collars may be more suitable for dogs that are sensitive or anxious. Citronella collars, meanwhile, may be a good option for dogs that are sensitive to noise or vibrations. Ultimately, the choice of collar will depend on the owner’s preferences and the dog’s unique needs and characteristics.
How do I choose the best electronic collar for my small dog?
Choosing the best electronic collar for a small dog involves considering several factors, including the dog’s size, breed, and temperament, as well as the owner’s training goals and preferences. It is essential to select a collar that is specifically designed for small dogs and to read reviews and product descriptions carefully to ensure that the collar is suitable for the dog’s needs. Additionally, owners should consider the type of stimulus used by the collar, as well as any additional features, such as bark detection or automatic shut-off.
When selecting an electronic collar, owners should also consider the collar’s adjustability, durability, and ease of use. A good electronic collar should be adjustable to accommodate the dog’s individual needs and should be durable enough to withstand regular use. The collar should also be easy to use, with intuitive controls and a clear user interface. By considering these factors and doing thorough research, owners can find the best electronic collar for their small dog and help them develop good behavior and a strong bond with their owner.
Can electronic collars be used for training small dogs in obedience commands?
Electronic collars can be used to help train small dogs in obedience commands, but they should not be relied upon as the sole training method. Instead, electronic collars can be used in conjunction with positive reinforcement training methods, such as clicker training or reward-based training, to help reinforce good behavior and discourage bad behavior. By using electronic collars in this way, owners can help their small dogs learn basic obedience commands, such as “sit,” “stay,” and “come,” and develop good behavior habits.
It is essential to use electronic collars judiciously and in moderation when training small dogs in obedience commands. The collar should be used to reinforce good behavior, rather than to punish bad behavior, and the stimulus should be administered in a consistent and predictable manner. Additionally, owners should be patient and consistent when training their small dogs, and should avoid using the electronic collar as a substitute for positive reinforcement and praise. By using electronic collars responsibly and in conjunction with positive training methods, owners can help their small dogs become well-behaved and obedient companions.
How long does it take to see results from using an electronic collar on a small dog?
The amount of time it takes to see results from using an electronic collar on a small dog can vary depending on several factors, including the dog’s individual personality and temperament, the type of behavioral issue being addressed, and the consistency and effectiveness of the training. In general, owners can expect to see some improvement in their dog’s behavior within a few days to a week of using the electronic collar, although it may take longer to see significant and lasting results.
It is essential to be patient and consistent when using an electronic collar to train a small dog, and to avoid expecting immediate results. The collar should be used in conjunction with positive reinforcement training methods, and the owner should be prepared to make adjustments to the training plan as needed. With time, patience, and consistent training, owners can help their small dogs develop good behavior habits and strengthen their bond with them. Additionally, owners should be aware that electronic collars are not a quick fix, and that long-term results require ongoing training and reinforcement.
Are electronic collars suitable for small dogs with medical conditions or disabilities?
Electronic collars may not be suitable for small dogs with certain medical conditions or disabilities, and owners should consult with a veterinarian before using an electronic collar on a dog with any pre-existing health issues. For example, dogs with heart conditions or epilepsy may be more susceptible to the stimulus delivered by the electronic collar, and owners should exercise caution when using the collar on these dogs.
In general, electronic collars are not recommended for dogs with severe medical conditions or disabilities, and owners should consider alternative training methods that do not involve the use of an electronic collar. However, for dogs with mild medical conditions or disabilities, electronic collars may be used under the guidance of a veterinarian or a professional dog trainer. It is essential to prioritize the dog’s health and well-being, and to use electronic collars responsibly and with caution to avoid any potential risks or adverse effects.
The Bottom Line
In conclusion, selecting the right training tool for your small dog is crucial for their development and well-being. The market is flooded with various options, making it challenging for pet owners to make an informed decision. However, with the right guidance and knowledge, you can choose a device that suits your dog’s specific needs and personality. By considering factors such as size, weight, and comfort, you can ensure a safe and effective training experience for your furry companion.
Ultimately, investing in the best electronic collars for small dogs can be a game-changer for pet owners who struggle with training their pets. These devices offer a humane and efficient way to address behavioral issues, such as barking, digging, and jumping. By following the reviews and buying guide outlined in this article, you can make a confident decision and find the perfect electronic collar for your small dog. With patience, consistency, and the right training tool, you can help your dog become a well-behaved and loyal companion, bringing joy and happiness to your life for years to come.